The Upper and Lower Fezouata formations of Morocco are Burgess shale-type deposits dating to the Lower Ordovician, filling an important preservational window between the common Cambrian lagerstätten and the Late Ordovician Soom shale.[1] In the fossilized fauna were numerous organisms previously thought to have died out after the mid-Cambrian.[2]
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Over 1500 non-mineralized specimens, representing 50 distinct taxa that have a composition similar to earlier Burgess Shale type biotas, have been recovered from the formations in addition to a less abundant shelly fauna.[1] The make-up of the community varies significantly through the stratigraphic sequence, with both abundances and faunal composition changing as time progresses.[1] Small (1–3 mm wide) burrows are present in the sediment, but major burrowing is absent; this may suggest a paucity of oxygen in the water or sediment.[1] Particularly notable is the presence of bryozoa and graptolites,[1] forms that are absent in the Cambrian period. Diverse echinoderms indicate a normal range of salinity, and the overall shelly assemblage is not significantly different from the normal shelly fauna expected in open Ordovician waters.[1] The non-mineralized cohort contains a range of forms familiar from the Burgess Shale: Desmosponges,[3] lobopods, barnacles, annelids, possible halkieriids, marrellomorphs, paleoscolecid worms, naraoiids, skaniids as well as the expected problematica. Other Ordovician oddballs are also present, including mitrates,[4] machaeridia,[5] cheloniellids and horseshoe crabs in abundance.[1]
The fossiliferous strata were deposited in quiet, deep waters, below the influence of wave action in all but the fiercest of storms. Such storms, or similar high-energy events, would have mobilized sediment that could be quickly deposited, trapping animals and leading to their preservation.[1] Consequently, the assemblage is dominated by benthic organisms.[1]
Fossils of the Fezouata formation, which are usually squashed flat (although some do retain some degree of their original three-dimensionality) are often coated with a dusting of pyrite, and tin??; this aspect of the fossil preservation is very similar to that at Chengjiang.[1] Non-mineralized appendages are often preserved.[1]
The fossils occur within an area of 500 km2, in southeast Morocco's Draa Valley, north of Zagora. Stratigraphically productive layers are found through a 1.1 km-thick column of rock that spans the Tremadocian and Floian epochs.[1]
The lagerstätten were first identified in the late 1990s[6] when a local fossil collector, Ben Moula, showed some of the finds to a PhD student who was then working in the area.[7]
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